1.UNAIDS/WHO: AIDS epidemic update. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO; 2004.
2.Martens P, Hall L: Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 2000, 6(2):28-45.
3.Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Snow RW: The burden of malaria mortality among African children in the year 2000. Int J Epidemiol 2006, 35(3):691-704. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
4.WHO: WHO expert committee on malaria 20th Report. Geneva: WHO; 2000:71. [WHO Technical Report Series 892]
5.Ministry of Health: Guideline for malaria vector control in Ethiopia; malaria and other vector born diseases prevention and control team. Diseases prevention & Control Department. Addis Ababa: MOH; 2002. PubMed Abstract
6.Corbett EL, Steketee RW, Kuile FO, Latif AS, Kamal A, Hayes RJ: HIV-1/AIDS and the control of other infectious diseases in Africa. Lancet 2000, 359:2177-2187.
7.Mitike G, Lemma W, Berhane F, Ayele R, Assefa AT: HIV/AIDS Behavioural Surveillance Survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Health; 2002:143.
8.Ayisi JG: The effect of dual infection with HIV and malaria on pregnancy outcome in western Kenya. AIDS 2003, 17:585-946. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
9.World Health Organization: Malaria and HIV interactions and their implications for Public Health Policy. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004.
10.Chandramohan D, Greenwood BM: Is there an interaction between human immunodeficiency virus and plasmodium falciparum? J Epid 1998, 27:296-301. Publisher Full Text
11.Kamya MR: Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study. J Infect Dis 2000, 193:9-15.
12.Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Gupta P: Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996, 272:1167-1170. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
13.Dyer JR, Kazembe P, Vernazza PL: High levels of HIV-1 in blood and semen of seropositive men in sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 1998, 177:1742-1746. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
14.Francesconi P, Fabiani M, Dente MG, Lukwiya M, Okwey R, Ouma J: HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case–control study. AIDS 2001, 15:2445-2450. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
15.Worku S, Bjorkman A, Troye-Blomberg M: Lymphocyte activation and subset redistribution in the peripheral blood in acute malaria illness: distinct T cell patterns in plasmodium falciparum and P. Vivax infections. Clin Exp Immunol 1997, 108:34-41. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
16.Hoffman IF, Jere CS, Taylor TE: The effect of plasmodium falciparum on HIV-1 blood plasma concentration. AIDS 1999, 13:487-494. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
17.Bentwich Z, Maartens G, Torten D: Concurrent infections and HIV pathogenesis. AIDS 2000, 14:2071-2081. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
18.Xiao L, Owen SM, Rudolph DL, Lal RB, Lal AA: Plasmodium falciparum antigen-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is mediated through induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Infect Dis 1998, 177:437-445. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
19.Migot F, Ouedraogo JB, Diallo J: Selected plasmodium falciparum specific immune responses are maintained in AIDS adults in Burkina Faso. Parasit Immunol 1996, 18:333-339. Publisher Full Text
20.Kublin JG, Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Chimbiya N, Pendame R, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME: Effect of plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1-RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2005, 365:233-240. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
21.Ariyoshi MS, Van der Loeff N, Berry S, Jaffar H: Plasma HIV viral load in relation to season and to plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. AIDS 1999, 13:1145-1146. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
22.Ayouba C, Badaut A, Kfutwah A: Specific stimulation of HIV-1 replication in human placental trophoblasts by an antigen of plasmodium falciparum. AIDS 2008, 22(6):785-787. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
23.Donovan D, Ariyoshi K, Milligan P, Ota M, Yamuah L, Sarge-Njie R: Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV- 1 and HIV-2 in the Gambia. AIDS 2000, 14:441-448. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
24.Lawn SD, Butera ST, Folks TM: Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001, 4:753-777.
25.Weissman D, Barker T, Fauci S: The efficiency of acute infection of CD4+ T cells is markedly enhanced in the setting of antigen-specific immune activation. J Exp Med 1996, 183:687-692. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
26.Riley EM: Is T cell priming required for initiation of pathology in malaria infections? Immunol Today 1999, 20:228-233. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
27.Spina C, Prince H, Richman D: Preferential replication of HIV-1 in the CD4 + 5RO memory cell subset of primary CD4+ lymphocytes in vitro. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:1774-1785. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
28.Perelson AS, Essunger P, Ho DD: Dynamics of HIV-1 and CD4+ lymphocytes in vivo. AIDS 1997, 11:17-24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
29.Pisell TL, Hoffman IF, Jere CS: Immune activation and induction of HIV-1 replication within CD14 macrophages during acute plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfection. AIDS 2002, 16:1503-1509. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
30.Freitag C, Chougnet C, Schito M: Malaria infection induces virus expression in human immunodeficiency virus transgenic mice by CD4+ T cell-dependent immune activation. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:1260-1268. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
31.Perno CF, Newcomb FM, Davis DA: Relative potency of protease inhibitors in monocytes/macrophages acutely and chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1998, 178:413-422. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
32.Pantaleo G, Koup RA: Correlates of immune protection in HIV-1 infection. What we know, what we don’t know, what we should know. AIDS 2004, 10:806-810.
33.Maranon C, Desoutter JF, Hoeffel G: Dendritic cells cross-present HIV antigens from live as well as apoptotic infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. AIDS 2004, 101:6092-6097.
34.Wilson NS, Behrens GM, Lundie RJ: Systemic activation of dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor ligands or malaria infection impairs cross-presentation and antiviral immunity. AIDS 2006, 7:165-172.
35.Toure-Bolde A, Sarthou J, Aribot GM, Trape J, Rogier C, Roussilhon C: P. falciparum induced apoptosis inhuman mononuclear cells. Infect Immunol 1996, 64:744-750.
36.Hviid L, Theander T, Abduhadi H, Abufeid Y, Bayoumi R, Jesen J: Transient depletion of T cells with high LFA-1 expression from peripheral circulation during P. falciparum malaria. Eur J Immunol 1992, 21:1249-1253.
37.Hogg N: Roll, roll your leucocytes gently down the vein. Immunol Today 1997, 13:113-115.
38.Greenberg AE, Nguyen Dinh P, Mann JM, Kabote N, Colebunders RL, Francis H, Quinn TC: The association between malaria, blood transfusion and HIV seropositivity in a pediatric population in Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1995, 259:545-549.
39.Lackritz EM, Ruebush TK, Zucker JR, Adungosi JE, Were JB, Campbell CC: Blood transfusion practices and blood banking services in a Kenyan hospital. AIDS 1993, 7:995-999. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
40.John GC, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA: Correlates of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission: association with maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, genital HIV-1 DNA shedding, and breast infections. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:206-212. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
41.Inion I: Placental malaria and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2003, 188:1675-1678. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
42.Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME: The effect of plasmodium falciparum malaria on peripheral and placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women. AIDS 2004, 18:1051-1059. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
43.Ned RM, Moore JM, Chaisavaneeyakorn S, Udhayakumar V: Modulation of immune responses during HIV-malaria co-infection in pregnancy. Trends Parasit 2005, 21:284-291. Publisher Full Text
44.Ter Kuile F: The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. AmJTrop Med Hyg 2004, 71:41-54.
45.European Collaborative Study: Risk factors for mother-to child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 1992, 339:1007-1012. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
46.Ticconi C, Mapfumo M, Dorrucci M, Naha N, Tarira E, Pietropolli A: Effect of maternal HIV and malaria infection on pregnancy and perinatal outcome in Zimbabwe. AIDS 2003, 34:289-294.
47.Nti BK, Slingluff JL, Keller CC: Stage-specific effects of plasmodium falciparum-derived hemozoin on blood mononuclear cell TNF-α regulation and viral replication. AIDS 2005, 19:1771-1780. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
48.Harms G, Feldmeier H: HIV infection and tropical parasitic diseases deleterious interactions in both directions. Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7:479-488. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
49.Tkachuk AN, Moormann AM, Poore JA: Malaria enhances expression of CC chemokine receptor 5 on placental macrophages. AmJTrop Med Hyg 2001, 183:967-972.
50.Bulterys M, Nolan ML, Jamieson DJ, Dominguez K, Fowler MG: Advances in the prevention of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission current issues, future challenges. AID Science [serial on the Internet] 2002 Feb. Available from: http://aidscience.org/Articles/aidscience017.Asp webcite.
51.Moore JM, Nahlen BL, Misore A, Lal AA, Udhayakumar V: Immunity to placental malaria, elevated production of interferon-by placental blood mononuclear cells is associated with protection in an area with high transmission of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999, 179:1218-1225.
52.Berger EA, Murphy PM, Farber JM: Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Immunol Today 1999, 17:657-700.
53.Dayachi F, Kabongo L, Ngoie K. Decreased mortality from malaria in children with symptomatic HIV infection. Int Conf AIDS. 16-21 Jun 1991;2:164
54.Eckwalanga M et al. Murine AIDS protects mice against experimental cerebral malaria: down regulation by interleukin 10 of a T- helper type 1 CD4+ cell-mediated pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994 Aug 16;17:8097-101
55.Muller O, Moser R. The clinical and parasitological presentation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda is unaffected by HIV-1 infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990 May-Jun;3:336-8.
56.Chrystie IL, Palmer SJ, Voller A, Banatvala JE. False positive malaria and leishmania serology associated with HIV positivity. Int Conf AIDS. 1993 Jun 6-11;2:763
57.Risk of transmission of AIDS and other blood-related diseases during routine malaria activities. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;2:242-3
58.Greenberg AE. Studies of the relationship between Plasmodium falciparum malaria and HIV infection in Africa. Int Conf AIDS. 1989 Jun 4-9:983
59.Fleming AF. Tropical obstetrics and gynaecology. 1. Anaemia in pregnancy in tropical Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1989 Jul-Aug;4:441-8.
60.Lackritz E, Campbell C, Hightower A, Ruebush T, Were J. Is the cure worse than the disease: anemia, malaria, blood transfusion and child mortality in western Kenya. Int Conf AIDS. 1990 Jun 20;236(1):273
61.Weinke T, Schere W, Pohle HD. Malaria tropica in HIV infection (German). Klin Wochenschr. 1990 May17; 68(10):533-6
62.Maheshwari RK et al. Effect of interferon in malaria infection. Immunol Lett. 1990 Aug;1-3:53-7
63.Baumann S, Geier SA, Noehl MA, Goebel FD. On the epidemiologic association between endemic Kaposi’s sarcoma and malaria. Int Conf AIDS. 1994 Aug; 1:(170):7-12 http://web.amfar.org/treatment/SubCategory/ID875.ASP
64.Schippers EF, Hugen PW, den Hartigh J, et al. No drug-drug interaction between nelfinavir or indinavir and mefloquine in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 2000;14:2794-5.
65.Khaliq Y, Gallicano K, Tisdale C et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between mefloquine and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;51:591-600