References of Illness
1.Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G.The immune response toNaegleria fowleriamebae and pathogenesis of infection.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;51:243-59.
2.Visvesvara GS.Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. [PDF - 13 pages]J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1.
3.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
4.Seidel J, Harmatz P, Visvesvara GS, Cohen A, Edwards J, Turner J.Successful treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.New Engl J Med. 1982;306:346-8.
5.Vargas-Zepeda J, Gomez-Alcala AV, Vasquez-Morales JA, Licea-Amaya L, De Jonckheere JF, Lores-Villa F.Successful treatment ofNaegleriaPAM using IV amphotericin B, fluconazole, and rifampin.Arch Med Res. 2005;36:83-6.
6.John DT, John RA.Cytopathogenicity ofNaegleria fowleriin mammalian cell cultures.Parasitol Res. 1989;76:20-5.
References of Pathogens and Environments
1.Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G.The immune response toNaegleria fowleriamebae and pathogenesis of infection.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;51:243-59.
2.Visvesvara GS.Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. [PDF - 13 pages]J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1.
3.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
4.Fowler M, Carter RF.Acute pyogenic meningitis probably due toAcanthamoebasp.: a preliminary report. [PDF - 4 pages]Br Med J. 1965;2:740-2.
5.Butt CG.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis.N Engl J Med. 1966;274:1473-6.
6.Gustavo dos Santos Neto. Fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A retrospective study inRichmond,Virginia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;54:737-42.
7.Visvesvara G, Yoder J, Beach MJ. (2012) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis Chapter 73, pgs 442-447. In: Netter's Infectious Diseases, Eds. Yong EC, Stevens DL. Elsevier Saunders.Philadelphia,PA.
8.Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL.Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae:Acanthamoebaspp.,Balamuthia mandrillaris,Naegleria fowleri, andSappinia diploidea.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50:1-26.
9.Chang SL.Resistance of pathogenicNaegleriato some common physical and chemical agents. [PDF - 8 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978;35:368-75.
10.GriffinJL.Temperature tolerance of pathogenic and nonpathogenic free-living amoebas.Science.1972;178(63):869-70.
11.Tiewchaloren S, Junnu V.Factors affecting the viability of pathogenicNaegleriaspecies isolated from Thai patients.[PDF - 7 pages]J Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;22:15-21.
12.De Jonckheere J, van de Voorde H.Differences in destruction of cysts of pathogenic and nonpathogenicNaegleriaandAcanthamoebaby chlorine. [PDF - 4 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976;31:294-7. (1mg/l for an hour for cysts)
13.Cursons RT, Brown TJ, Keys EA.Effect of disinfectants on pathogenic free-living amoebae: in axenic conditions. [PDF - 5 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980;40:62-6.
14.Robinson BS, Christy PE. Disinfection of water for control of amoebae. Water. 1984;September:21-4.
15.Sarkar P, Gerba C. Inactivation ofNaegleria fowleriby chlorine and ultraviolet light. J AWWA. 2012;104:51-2.
16.Jarroll EL,BinghamAK, Meyer EA.Effect of chlorine onGiardia lambliacyst viability. [PDF - 5 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981;41:483-7.
17.Rice EW, Hoff JC, Schaefer FW 3rd.Inactivation ofGiardiacysts by chlorine. [PDF - 2 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;43:250-1.
References of Sources of Infection_ Epidemiology and Risk Factors
1.Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G.The immune response toNaegleria fowleriamebae and pathogenesis of infection.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol.2007;51:243-59.
2.Visvesvara GS.Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. [PDF - 13 pages]J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1.
3.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
4.GriffinJL.Temperature tolerance of pathogenic and nonpathogenic free-living amoebas.Science. 1972;178(63):869-70.
5.Chang SL.Resistance of pathogenicNaegleriato some common physical and chemical agents. [PDF - 8 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978;35:368-75.
6.Maclean RC, Richardson DJ, LePardo R, Marciano-Cabral F.The identification ofNaegleria fowlerifrom water and soil samples by nested PCR.Parasitol Res 2004;93: 211–17.
7.Wellings FM, Amuso PT, Chang SL, Lewis AL.Isolation and identification of pathogenicNaegleriafrom Florida lakes.Appl Environ Microbiol 1977;34:661–7.
8.John DT, Howard MJ.Seasonal distribution of pathogenic free-living amebae in Oklahoma waters.Parasitol Res 1995;81:193–201.
9.Duma RJ. Study of pathogenic free-living amebas in fresh-water lakes inVirginia. EPA Publication. 1980;EPA-PB-126369, Summary, 1981 is EPA-600/S1-80-037.
10.Ettinger MR, Webb SR, Harris SA, McIninch SP, C Garman G, Brown BL.Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA.Parasitol Res. 2003;89:6-15.
11.Sheehan KB, Fagg JA, Ferris MJ, Henson JM.PCR detection and analysis of the free-living amoebaNaegleriain hot springs in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5914-8.
12.Sykora JK, Keleti G,MartinezAJ.Occurrence and pathogenicity ofNaegleria fowleriin artificially heated waters.Appl and Envion Microbiol. 1983;45:974-9.
13.Stevens AR, Tyndall RL, Coutant CC, Willaert E.Isolation of the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from artificially heated waters.Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977;34(6):701-5.
14.Marciano-Cabral F, MacLean R, Mensah A, LaPat-Polasko L.Identification ofNaegleria fowleriin domestic water sources by nested PCR.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5864-9.
15.Blair B, Sarkar P, Bright KR, Marciano-Cabral F, Gerba CP.Naegleria fowleriin well water.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1499-501.
16.Yoder JS, Straif-Bourgeois S, Roy SL, Moore TA, Visvesvara GS, Ratard RC, Hill V, Wilson JD, Linscott AJ, Crager R, Kozak NA, Sriram R, Narayanan J, Mull B, Kahler AM, Schneeberger C, da Silva AJ, Beach MJ.Deaths fromNaegleria fowleriassociated with sinus irrigation with tap water: a review of the changing epidemiology of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.Clin Infect Dis. 2012;1-7.
17.Kemble SK, Lynfield R, DeVries AS, Drehner DM, Pomputius WF 3rd, Beach MJ, Visvesvara GS, da Silva AJ, Hill VR, Yoder JS, Xiao L, Smith KE, Danila R.FatalNaegleria fowleriinfection acquired in Minnesota: possible expanded range of a deadly thermophilic organism.Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:805-9.
18.Anderson K, Jamieson A. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Lancet. 1972;1:902–3.
19.Dorsch MM, Cameron AS, Robinson BS.The epidemiology and control of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with particular reference to South Australia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:372-7.
20.Puzon GJ, Lancaster JA, Wylie JT, Plumb IJ.Rapid detection ofNaegleria fowleriin water distribution pipeline biofilms and drinking water samples.Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:6691-6.
21.Shakoor S, Beg MA, Mahmood SF, Bandea R, Sriram R, Noman F, et al.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused byNaegleria fowleri, Karachi, Pakistan. [PDF - 4 pages]Emerg Infect Dis 2011:17;258-61.
22.Gustavo dos Santos Neto. Fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A retrospective study inRichmond,Virginia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;54:737-42.
23.Kramer MH, Lerner CJ, Visvesvara GS.Kidney and liver transplants from a donor infected withNaegleria fowleri.J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1032-3.
24.Bennett WM, Nespral JF, Rosson MW, McEvoy KM.Use of organs for transplantation from a donor with primary meningoencephalitis due toNaegleria fowleri.Am J Transplant. 2008;8:1334-5.
25.Tuppeny M.Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with subsequent organ procurement: a case study.J Neurosci Nurs. 2011;43:274-9.
26.Visvesvara GS, De Jonckheere JF, Sriram R, Daft B.Isolation and molecular typing ofNaegleria fowlerifrom the brain of a cow that died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4203-4.
27.Lozano-Alarcón F, Bradley GA, Houser BS, Visvesvara GS.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due toNaegleria fowleriin a South American tapir.Vet Pathol. 1997;34:239-43.
28.John DT, Nussbaum SL.Naegleria fowleriinfection acquired by mice through swimming in amebae-contaminated water.J Parasitol. 1983;69:871-4.
29.US Census Bureau.Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. Arts, Recreation, and Travel: Participation in Selected Sports Activities 2009. [PDF - 2 pages]
30.Cabanes PA, Wallet F, Pringuez E, Pernin P.Assessing the risk of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from swimming in the presence of environmentalNaegleria fowleri.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:2927-31.
References of Diagnosis and Detection
1.Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G.The immune response toNaegleria fowleriamebae and pathogenesis of infection.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;51:243-59.
2.Visvesvara GS.Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. [PDF - 13 pages]J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1.
3.Council for State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE).Case Definitions for Non-notifiable Infections Caused by Free-living Amebae (Naegleria fowleri,Balamuthia mandrillaris,andAcanthamoebaspp.) [PDF - 10 pages].Infectious Disease Committee. 2012.
4.Visvesvara GS.Amebic meningoencephalitides and keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment.Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23(6):590-4.
5.da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F.Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae.Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:251406.
6.Qvarnstrom Y, Visvesvara GS, Sriram R, da Silva AJ.Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection ofAcanthamoebaspp.,Balamuthia mandrillaris, andNaegleria fowleri.J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(10):3589-95.
7.Robinson BS, Monis PT, Dobson PJ.Rapid, sensitive, and discriminating identification ofNaegleriaspp. by real-time PCR and melting-curve analysis.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(9):5857-63.
8.Marciano-Cabral F, MacLean R, Mensah A, LaPat-Polasko L.Identification ofNaegleria fowleriin domestic water sources by nested PCR.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5864-9.
9.Visvesvara GS. Parasite Culture:AcanthamoebaandNaegleriaspp. In: Garcia LS, editor.Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 3rd ed.Washington,DC: ASM Press; 2010.
References of public health and medical professionals
1.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
2.Seidel JS, Harmatz P, Visvesvara GS, Cohen A, Edwards J, Turner J.Successful treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.N Engl J Med. 1982;306:346-8.
3.Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL.Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae:Acanthamoebaspp.,Balamuthia mandrillaris,Naegleria fowleri, andSappinia diploidea.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50:1-26.
4.Vargas-Zepeda J, Gomez-Alcala AV, Vasquez-Morales JA, Licea-Amaya L, De Jonckheere JF, Lores-Villa F.Successful treatment ofNaegleriaPAM using IV amphotericin B, fluconazole, and rifampin.Arch Med Res. 2005;36:83-6.
5.John DT, John RA.Cytopathogenicity ofNaegleria fowleriin mammalian cell cultures.Parasitol Res. 1989;76:20-5.
References of publications, data, and statistics
1.Visvesvara GS.Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. [PDF - 13 pages]J Neuroparasitol. 2010;1.
2.Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL.Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae:Acanthamoebaspp.,Balamuthia mandrillaris,Naegleria fowleri, andSappinia diploidea.FEMS Immunol and Med Microbiol. 2007;50:1–26.
3.Visvesvara GS. Pathogenic and Opportunistic Amebae. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA, editors.WashingtonDC: ASM Press. 2007. p. 2082-91.
4.Marciano-Cabral F, Cabral G.Acanthamoebaspp. as agents of disease in humans.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:273-307.
5.Hlavsa MC, Roberts VA,AndersonAR, Hill VR, Kahler AM, Orr M, Garrison LE, Hicks LA,NewtonA, Hilborn ED, Wade TJ, Beach MJ, Yoder JS.Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks and other health events associated with recreational water use — United States, 2007–2008.MMWR Surveill Summ. 2011;60:1-37.
6.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
7.Yoder J, Hlavsa M, Craun GF, Hill V, Roberts V, Yu P, Hicks LA, Alexander NT, Calderon RL, Roy SL, Beach MJ.(2008) Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events — United States, 2005–2006. [PDF - 72 pages]MMWR Surveill Summ. 57:1-38.
8.Herwaldt BL, Craun GF, Stokes SL, Juranek DD.Waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1989-1990. [PDF - 22 pages]MMWR Surveill Summ. 1991;40:1-21.
9.Yoder JS, Straif-Bourgeois S, Roy SL, Moore TA, Visvesvara GS, Ratard RC, Hill V, Wilson JD, Linscott AJ, Crager R, Kozak NA, Sriram R, Narayanan J, Mull B, Kahler AM, Schneeberger C, da Silva AJ, Beach MJ.Deaths fromNaegleria fowleriassociated with sinus irrigation with tap water: a review of the changing epidemiology of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.Clin Infect Dis. 2012;1-7.
10.Kemble SK, Lynfield R, DeVries AS, Drehner DM, Pomputius WF 3rd, Beach MJ, Visvesvara GS, da Silva AJ, Hill VR, Yoder JS, Xiao L, Smith KE, Danila R.FatalNaegleria fowleriinfection acquired in Minnesota: possible expanded range of a deadly thermophilic organism.Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:805-9.
11.Tuppeny M.Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with subsequent organ procurement: a case study.J Neurosci Nurs. 2011;43:274-9.
12.Yoder JS, Eddy BA, Visvesvara GS, Capewell L, Beach MJ.The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the USA, 1962-2008.Epidemiol Infect. 2010;138:968-75.
13.Puzon GJ, Lancaster JA, Wylie JT, Plumb IJ.Rapid detection ofNaegleria fowleriin water distribution pipeline biofilms and drinking water samples.Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:6691-6.
14.US Census Bureau.Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. Arts, Recreation, and Travel: Participation in Selected Sports Activities 2009. [PDF - 2 pages]
15.Bennett WM, Nespral JF, Rosson MW, McEvoy KM.Use of organs for transplantation from a donor with primary meningoencephalitis due toNaegleria fowleri.Am J Transplant. 2008;8:1334-5.
16.Blair B, Sarkar P, Bright KR, Marciano-Cabral F, Gerba CP.Naegleria fowleriin well water.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1499-501.
17.Visvesvara GS, De Jonckheere JF, Sriram R, Daft B.Isolation and molecular typing ofNaegleria fowlerifrom the brain of a cow that died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4203-4.
18.Maclean RC, et al.The identification ofNaegleria fowlerifrom water and soil samples by nested PCR.Parasitol Res 2004;93:211–7.
19.Ettinger MR, Webb SR, Harris SA, McIninch SP, C Garman G, Brown BL.Distribution of free-living amoebae in James River, Virginia, USA.Parasitol Res. 2003;89:6-15.
20.Sheehan KB, Fagg JA, Ferris MJ, Henson JM.PCR detection and analysis of the free-living amoebaNaegleriain hot springs in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5914-8.
21.Cabanes PA, Wallet F, Pringuez E, Pernin P.Assessing the risk of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from swimming in the presence of environmentalNaegleria fowleri.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:2927-31.
22.John DT, Howard MJ.Seasonal distribution of pathogenic free-living amebae in Oklahoma waters.Parasitol Res 1995;81:193–201.
23.Dorsch MM, Cameron AS, Robinson BS.The epidemiology and control of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis with particular reference to South Australia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983;77:372-7.
24.John DT, Nussbaum SL.Naegleria fowleriinfection acquired by mice through swimming in amebae-contaminated water.J Parasitol. 1983;69:871-4.
25.Sykora JK, Keleti G,MartinezAJ.Occurrence and pathogenicity ofNaegleria fowleriin artificially heated waters.Appl and Envion Microbiol. 1983;45:974-9.
26.Duma RJ. Study of pathogenic free-living amebas in fresh-water lakes inVirginia. EPA Publication. 1980;EPA-PB-126369, Summary, 1981 is EPA-600/S1-80-037.
27.Wellings FM, et al.Isolation and identification of pathogenicNaegleriafrom Florida lakes.Appl Environ Microbiol 1977;34:661–7.
28.Stevens AR, Tyndall RL, Coutant CC, Willaert E.Isolation of the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from artificially heated waters.Appl Environ Microbiol. 1977;34(6):701-5.
29.GriffinJL.Temperature tolerance of pathogenic and nonpathogenic free-living amoebas.Science. 1972;178(63):869-70.
30.Anderson K, Jamieson A. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Lancet. 1972;1:902–3.
31.Gustavo dos Santos Neto. Fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A retrospective study inRichmond,Virginia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;54:737-42.
32.Visvesvara GS.Amebic meningoencephalitides and keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment.Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec;23(6):590-4.
33.Visvesvara GS. Parasite Culture:AcanthamoebaandNaegleriaspp. In: Garcia LS, editor.Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 3rd ed.Washington,DC: ASM Press;2010.
34.da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F.Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae.Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009;2009:251406.
35.Qvarnstrom Y, Visvesvara GS, Sriram R, da Silva AJ.Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection ofAcanthamoebaspp.,Balamuthia mandrillaris, andNaegleria fowleri.J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(10):3589-95.
36.Robinson BS, Monis PT, Dobson PJ.Rapid, sensitive, and discriminating identification ofNaegleriaspp. by real-time PCR and melting-curve analysis.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(9):5857-63.
37.Marciano-Cabral F, MacLean R, Mensah A, LaPat-Polasko L.Identification ofNaegleria fowleriin domestic water sources by nested PCR.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5864-9.
38.Marciano-Cabral F, MacLean R, Mensah A, LaPat-Polasko L.Identification ofNaegleria fowleriin domestic water sources by nested PCR.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:5864-9.
39.MartÃnez DY, Seas C, Bravo F, Legua P, Ramos C, Cabello AM, Gotuzzo E.Successful treatment ofBalamuthia mandrillarisamoebic infection with extensive neurological and cutaneous involvement.Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:e7-11.
40.Walochnik J, Obwaller A, Gruber F, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Suchomel M, Duchene M, Auer H.Anti-Acanthamoebaefficacy and toxicity of miltefosine in an organotypic skin equivalent.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:539-45.
41.Kim JH, Jung SY, Lee YJ, Song KJ, Kwon D, Kim K, Park S, Im KI, Shin HJ.Effect of therapeutic chemical agentsin vitroand on experimental meningoencephalitis due toNaegleria fowleri. [PDF - 7 pages]Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4010-6.
42.Aichelburg AC, Walochnik J, Assadian O, Prosch H, Steuer A, Perneczky G, Visvesvara GS, Aspöck H, Vetter N.Successful treatment of disseminatedAcanthamoebasp. infection with miltefosine. [PDF - 4 pages]Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1743-6.
43.Soltow SM, Brenner GM.Synergistic activities of azithromycin and amphotericin B againstNaegleria fowleriin vitroand in a mouse model of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. [PDF - 5 pages]Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:23–7.
44.SchusterFL, Guglielmo BJ, Visvesvara GS.In-vitroactivity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas:Balamuthia mandrillaris,Acanthamoebaspp., andNaegleria fowleri.J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2006;53:121-6.
45.Vargas-Zepeda J, Gomez-Alcala AV, Vasquez-Morales JA, Licea-Amaya L, De Jonckheere JF, Lores-Villa F.Successful treatment ofNaegleriaPAM using IV amphotericin B, fluconazole, and rifampin.Arch Med Research 2005;36:83-6.
46.SchusterFL, Visvesvara GS.Free-living opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.Int J Parasitiol 2004;34:1001-27.
47.SchusterFL, Visvesvara GS.Opportunistic amebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment.Drug Resistance Updates 2004;7:41-51.
48.Deetz TR, Sawyer MH, Billman G,SchusterFL, Visvesvara GS.Successful treatment ofBalamuthiaamebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases.Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1304-12.
49.Goswick SM, Brenner GM.Activities of azithromycin and amphotericin B againstNaegleria fowleriin vitroand in a mouse model of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. [PDF - 5 pages]Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:524-8.
50.Goswick SM, Brenner GM.Activities of therapeutic agents againstNaegleria fowleriin vitroand in a mouse model of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.J Parasitol. 2003;89:837-42.
51.Jain R, Prabhaker S, Modi M, Bhatia R, Sehgal R.Naegleriameningitis: A rare survival.Neurol India 2002;50:470-2.
52.Kaminsky R.Miltefosine Zentaris.Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2002;3:550-4.
53.Seidel J, Harmatz P, Visvesvara GS, Cohen A, Edwards J, Turner J.Successful treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.New Engl J Med 1982;306:346-8.
54.Ferrante A.Comparative sensitivity ofNaegleria fowlerito amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76:476-8.
55.Lee KK, Karr SL Jr, Wong MM, Hoeprich PD.In vitrosusceptibilities ofNaegleria fowleristrain HB-1 to selected antimicrobial agents, singly and in combination.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979;16:217-20.
56.Kramer MH, Lerner CJ, Visvesvara GS.Kidney and liver transplants from a donor infected withNaegleria fowleri.J Clin Micro 1997 35:1032-3.
57.Sarkar P, Gerba C. Inactivation ofNaegleria fowleriby chlorine and ultraviolet light. J AWWA. 2012;104:51-2.
58.Visvesvara G, Yoder J, Beach MJ. (2012) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis Chapter 73, pgs 442-7. In: Netter's Infectious Diseases, Eds. Yong EC, Stevens DL. Elsevier Saunders.Philadelphia,PA.
59.Visvesvara GS, De Jonckheere JF, Sriram R, Daft B.Isolation and molecular typing ofNaegleria fowlerifrom the brain of a cow that died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4203-4.
60.Tiewchaloren S, Junnu V.Factors affecting the viability of pathogenicNaegleriaspecies isolated from Thai patients. [PDF - 7 pages]J Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;22:15-21.
61.Lozano-Alarcón F, Bradley GA, Houser BS, Visvesvara GS.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due toNaegleria fowleriin a South American tapir.Vet Pathol. 1997 May;34(3):239-43.
62.John DT, John RA.Cytopathogenicity ofNaegleria fowleriin mammalian cell cultures.Parasitol Res. 1989;76:20-5.
63.Robinson BS, Christy PE. Disinfection of water for control of amoebae. Water. 1984;September:21-4.
64.Rice EW, Hoff JC, Schaefer FW 3rd.Inactivation ofGiardiacysts by chlorine. [PDF - 2 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;43:250-1.
65.Jarroll EL,BinghamAK, Meyer EA.Effect of chlorine onGiardia lambliacyst viability. [PDF - 5 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981;41:483-7.
66.Cursons RT, Brown TJ, Keys EA.Effect of disinfectants on pathogenic free-living amoebae: in axenic conditions. [PDF - 5 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1980;40:62-6.
67.Chang SL.Resistance of pathogenicNaegleriato some common physical and chemical agents. [PDF - 8 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978;35:368-75.
68.Stevens AR, Tyndall RL, Coutant CC, Willaert E.Isolation of the etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from artificially heated waters. [PDF - 5 pages]Appl Environ Micro. 1977;34(6):701-5.
69.De Jonckheere J, van de Voorde H.Differences in destruction of cysts of pathogenic and nonpathogenicNaegleriaandAcanthamoebaby chlorine. [PDF - 4 pages]Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976;31:294-7. (1 mg/l for an hour for cysts)
70.GriffinJL.Temperature tolerance of pathogenic and nonpathogenic free-living amoebas.Science.1972;178(63):869-70.
71.Gustavo dos Santos Neto. Fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A retrospective study inRichmond,Virginia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1970;54:737-42.
72.Butt CG.Primary amebic meningoencephalitis.N Engl J Med. 1966;274:1473-6.
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References of Treatment
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2.Seidel JS, Harmatz P, Visvesvara GS, Cohen A, Edwards J, Turner J.Successful treatment of primary amebic meningoencephalitis.N Engl J Med. 1982;306:346-8.
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References of Prevention and Control
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